Manual via Painted Normals
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Why it's usually done in object space, and not tangent space?
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Object-space normal maps are easier to author and more stable, while tangent-space normal maps are better suited to assets that need to be reused, deformed, or mirrored.
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Object-space makes painting very intuitive. If you're painting a bump on the character's forehead, you can directly paint the direction the surface should face.
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red → +X
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green → +Y
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blue → +Z
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Tangent-space maps much less intuitive to paint manually. A red/green change doesn't consistently mean "move the normal toward +X/+Y"; it means "move it along the local tangent/bitangent direction".
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Object-space maps are especially popular for hard-surface assets that don't deform.
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weapon
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prop
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vehicle
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machinery
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architectural asset
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Converting from one to the other :
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You usually re-bake them.
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Bake to paint in object space -> re-bake to tangent space for engine use, animations, etc.
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Cody Gindy - 3D Painted Look with Painted Normals for a tea jar
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Paints in object space.
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Craft Reaper - 3D Painted Look with Painted Normals for a knight
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Paints in object space. Doesn't re-bake to tangent space.
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Procedural Painting
Procedural Real-time Oil Painting
Sketch Textures
Kuwahara Filter
Water Color
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Lassyla - 3D Water Color Stylized Shader
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Uses fresnel, etc. Completely procedural.
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Good explanation of noise.
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Addons
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Paid, very expensive, with a "soft-subscription model".
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It's an addon for 3D Trees with billboarded painted leaves.
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Paid.
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Paid.
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Manual with Digital Paint
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Garbaj - Painting a low-res texture using a hard brush, followed by smudge tool to get a PSX look
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AceSpectre - Low-res texture by painting on a high-res texture and downscaling it with Img2Pixel .
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Tutorial .
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(2025-09-11) It's a slow tutorial but a gem.
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Craft Reaper - Manual 3D Painted Shield with Ucupaint
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Well explained. Good walkthrough.
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Manual with Real Paint
Toon Shader
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Kai - 3D Drawing Look with Toon Shader, Grease Pencil and Paper Textures
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Martin Klekner - 3D Drawing Look with Toon Shader and Grease Pencil
Cartoonish style with geonodes
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Triangulate, Dual Mesh, etc.
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